Thứ Sáu, 30 tháng 3, 2012

Thinterest? When Social Networks and Body Image Collide

Pinterest, the latest social-media site to be hailed as the next Facebook or Twitter, has reached an Internet milestone — though a rather suspect one. It’s the latest website that’s felt the need to ban thinspiration, or thinspo, content.
For the unfamiliar, thinspiration consists of photos, tips and angst-ridden quotes meant to provide visual inspiration and motivation for those looking to whittle their bodies down to tinier proportions. With a disturbing similarity to pro-anorexia websites, thinspo typically consists of photos of female bodies with pencil-thin arms and jutting ribs. It’s nothing new, but as it spreads across the Internet, an increasing number of social-media sites are attempting to put a lockdown on it.
As Pinterest has generally been considered to have a female-heavy user base, it’s not surprising that some female users are creating thinspo boards. And as the images compiled together can be an uncomfortable, if not alarming, sight, it’s also not surprising that Pinterest has received a number of complaints about the boards. Rather than see-sawing over the issue, the company took decisive action on March 23 by announcing a ban on such content. “We updated our Acceptable Use Policy and we will not allow pins that explicitly encourage self-harm or self-abuse,” the company wrote in an email sent to all users, adding that the new terms will go into effect on April 6.
Pinterest’s ban seems to be taking a cue from Tumblr, which just last month issued a ban on content that advocates self-harm. While it’s great to see that these sites want avoid being associated with unhealthy thinking or used as a virtual meeting place for women and girls who are looking for motivation to self-harm, the ban presents two problems.
First, enforcing the ban seems ultimately futile, particularly in Pinterest’s case. There’s a lot of wiggle room in the acceptable guidelines. Determining if a user is “explicitly” encouraging “self-harm or self-abuse” is a gray enough area that many of these thinspiration boards could slip through. So far, Pinterest has indicated that it plans on addressing users who have been flagged by other users, and dealing with them on a case-by-case basis. For its part, Tumblr’s version of the ban seems hesitant about taking a hard line against specific content (though they do explicitly prohibit other kinds of self-harm, such as cutting and suicide, not just thinspiration), though they do note that they’ll show health warnings to users who search for content tagged with “thinspo” or “anorexia.” Unfortunately, however, it doesn’t inspire a ton of confidence that this type of content will disappear from their sites.
The second problem with ban can be summed up in a question: what else can social networks do? These sites don’t create content — they’re merely platforms for users to share their own or borrowed content. So the images that make up these thinspiration blogs and boards are user-compiled mixes of celebrities, fashion models and self-portraits of young women (often of the reflection-in-bathroom-mirror variety). Self-portraits are practically the currency of the Internet, and Facebook and Instagram have also been flagged for enabling unhealthy body images. And as Pinterest is essentially made up of shared content — and a lot of that content is advertisements — it’s hardly a surprise that photos of ultra-thin women get pinned. The advertising industry, and particularly the beauty and fashion industry, has long been accused of perpetuating a beauty ideal that includes hip-free figures and vertebra you can count. We’re bombarded with these images everyday, whether they’re collated on a website by a struggling teenager or not.
Sure, you can attempt to ban the women and girls who collect these images into one disturbing collage, but a ban on the individual components is impossible because they’re so insurmountably ubiquitous. We’re so surrounded with images that promote a certain physical ideal that our culture is basically one big thinspiration board. Social-network bans or not, you don’t have to look hard — or even really at all — to be bombarded with these types of images.

Thứ Tư, 28 tháng 3, 2012

Benfica 0 1 Chelsea

Salomon Kalou scored a late winner as Chelsea put one foot in the Champions League semi-finals after a first-leg quarter-final victory in Lisbon.
Forward Kalou had earlier wasted a fine chance, but made no mistake to side-foot home a cross from the impressive Fernando Torres.
Chelsea were full value for the victory, with Juan Mata denied by a post when the game was goalless.
David Luiz made a goal-line clearance to deny Benfica's Oscar Cardozo.
Chelsea caretaker manager Roberto Di Matteo will know the job is only half done and will not be looking beyond the second leg at Stamford Bridge on 4 April. 
But the Londoners will only have themselves to blame if they do not reach the semi-finals after a performance full of spirit, guts and determination in Portugal.
Di Matteo produced a major surprise before the game by naming Didier Drogba and Frank Lampard - who both started and scored in the impressive 4-1 win over Napoli two weeks ago - on the substitutes' bench.
Michael Essien was also on the bench as Di Matteo opted for a heavy reliance on players with Portuguese experience.
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Paulo Ferreira filled the problem position of right-back - his first start of 2012 - while Raul Meireles was also recalled. In addition, former Benfica players David Luiz and Ramires both started against their old club.
Yet ex-Porto player Meireles, booed throughout by the home fans, found himself booked inside the opening 20 minutes for a cynical foul on Nicolas Gaitan, before Chelsea had a narrow escape after their defence was sliced open far too easily.
Benfica's side was influenced by a strong South American presence, and Paraguay international Oscar Cardozo's first-time shot - after chesting down Bruno Cesar's lofted pass - flew narrowly wide of Petr Cech's net.
The hosts, currently third in their domestic league, carved out some decent openings but failed to hurt a Chelsea side that finished the first half strongly.
After Torres had engineered an opening when twisting and turning on the edge of the Benfica area, Meireles forced home keeper Artur into his first serious save with a powerful low effort just before the interval.

DID YOU KNOW?

Chelsea had won only once away from home in Europe since October 2010 prior to this game - and that was at FC Copenhagen, who were in the midst of their winter break
Di Matteo's bold selection plans were paying off.
While Cech had to be alert to keep out Cesar's long-range attempt, Chelsea's back four of Ferreira, Luiz, John Terry and Ashley Cole endured a comfortable first half compared to the opening 45 minutes in Italy against Napoli last month .
It was the calm before the storm.
The second-half was only a couple of minutes old when Cardozo dispatched a fierce volley towards the Chelsea net but, with Cech beaten, Luiz was in the right place to make a crucial clearance off the line and frustrate his former club.
Then Cech was forced to save smartly from Cesar before Chelsea spurned a glorious chance to score a priceless away goal.
With 53 minutes on the clock, the impressive Torres produced an inch-perfect cross for Kalou, who headed wastefully over in front of a gaping Benfica net.
Chelsea were clearly looking to establish a lead to take back to London.
Mata was denied by the woodwork after skipping round the keeper following a mistake by Jardel, who was then frustrated by an outstanding Cech save two minutes later in a free-flowing second half.
But with just 15 minutes left, Kalou struck from close range after connecting with a clever cross by Torres to earn his side a victory their hard work deserved.
There was a scare at the death when Ashley Cole almost scored an own goal, but Chelsea survived to ensure their season remains very much alive.

Ethical traveller: Taking photographs of people

To capture a sense of life in a new destination, many travellers have used zoom lenses and hidden-camera tricks to surreptitiously snap photos of locals without their permission -- and likely -- without their knowledge. But approaching photography like a covert operation is not the most ethical way to get a great shot.
Paul Berger, professor of art at the University of Washington School of Art, said a good rule of thumb is to “assume you’re being seen and act appropriately”.
 Appropriate behaviour can be as simple as making eye contact with someone, showing your camera and making sure the person knows he or she is being photographed. If people don’t want their picture taken, they’ll probably tell you by looking away.
“Err on the side of being overly sensitive to people’s feelings,” Berger said. For instance, tourists visiting a cemetery or religious site may want to take a photo of someone in a clearly emotional state. But Berger said a great evocative shot can cross a personal boundary. “Photographing the religious site or memorial itself is ok, but not photos that centre in on an individual,” he said.
But sometimes travellers forget basic etiquette when in a foreign culture – or it goes out the window when trying to take a perfect photo. “There are more problems, I think, with people objectifying people [when travelling abroad],” said Lisa Helfert, a photographer from Bethesda, Maryland.  Locals in poverty-stricken areas can sometimes feel like they’re on display for traveller’s photos, a criticism levelled at operators of so-called slum tours.
Muriel Hasbun, chair of photography at the Corcoran College of Art and Design in Washington, DC, said she tells her students to “treat everyone with respect and care”, explaining that both a portrait of someone and the experience of taking it are more meaningful if it’s a collaboration and a rapport is established. “Common-sense rules of social interaction and consensual types of exchanges are ideal and usually more rewarding to both parties,” Hasbun said. “One learns about a culture and a new place by meeting the people that one finds along the way.”
Tourists are also bound to be confronted by requests for money. There are many sites where “there is a tacit understanding that ‘picture opportunities’ are for sale,” Berger said. But if it’s not clear that this is a standard picture-for-a-price situation, then travellers need to think before snapping their cameras. “Again, the golden rule: would you be comfortable if someone asked you to pose for a photo?” Berger said.
Many times, children are the ones offering a photo of themselves for a small sum of money, having learned from picture-hungry tourists that they can easily sell a snapshot. But ideally, travellers should ask for a parent’s permission – just as they should ask permission of an adult who is about to be the focus of a photo.  And it can’t be a quick question and then a dash to the next willing subject. “When someone is projecting that they’re a guest in your area … if that’s kind of sincere, I think people generally respond,” Berger said. “But if you’re burdened with camera gear and breezing by, people pick that up of course.”
Lori Robertson writes the Ethical Traveller column for BBC Travel. You can send ethical dilemmas to bbcethicaltravel@gmail.com.

Thứ Hai, 26 tháng 3, 2012

Man Utd 1 0 Fulham

Wayne Rooney's 29th goal of the season helped Manchester United move back to the top of the Premier League, opening up a three-point gap over rivals City.
Rooney converted a Jonny Evans cut back just before the break to seal victory over a determined Fulham side.
Ashley Young had several chances to double United's lead but found Fulham keeper Mark Schwarzer in fine form.
And late on Fulham should have been awarded a penalty when Michael Carrick tripped Danny Murphy in the box.
The result means United take advantage of Manchester City's slip up against Stoke City on Saturday and with eight games to go are in pole position to retain their title. 

United started the day level on points with their neighbours City, but with an inferior goal difference.
Manager Sir Alex Ferguson challenged his side to use their game in hand to pull away from Manchester City as well as reduce their goal-difference deficit, admitting it could be an "issue" at the end of the season.
And the opening 10 minutes suggested that United were likely to do both, with Ferguson's side dominating possession and controlling the game.
But United could only muster one decent chance with Ryan Giggs heading Rafael's cross straight at Schwarzer.
Fulham then came into the game with the visitors playing with more urgency and energy than United, who were unusually sloppy with their passing in front of a subdued atmosphere at Old Trafford.
Moussa Dembele and Mahamadou Diarra seemed to have the better of Carrick and Giggs in central midfield and Fulham attacker Clint Dempsey tested David de Gea from 20 yards.
But with the game heading for a turgid stalemate at the break, United sprang in to life to take the lead, much to the relief of the Old Trafford faithful.
It came from Rooney, who smashed home from close range following Evans' cut back after Fulham had failed to clear Young's whipped cross from the left.
United almost doubled their lead after the break with the lively Antonio Valencia latching on to Giggs' delightful ball over the top, but Schwarzer was equal to the Ecuadorian's strike.
Schwarzer was again called into action shortly after, tipping Young's right-footed curling effort from the left round the post.
Young saw two successive efforts superbly saved by Schwarzer before Giggs' goal-bound effort was blocked by Brede Hangeland.
But this was largely a flat display from United, who failed to take the opportunity to reduce the goal difference deficit - something that could come back to haunt them at the end of the season.
And in actual fact United were lucky not to concede a penalty in the 87th minute when Carrick clearly tripped substitute Murphy inside the box.
But referee Michael Oliver waved away their appeals and United hung on for a nervy victory.
The result means Fulham remain in 13th place but, having been humbled 5-0 by United earlier in the season, Cottagers boss Martin Jol will have been hugely encouraged by his side's display.
United next travel to Blackburn two days after Manchester City host Sunderland.

Chủ Nhật, 25 tháng 3, 2012

Who, What, Why: How do cats survive falls from great heights?

A cat in the US city of Boston survived a fall from a 19-storey window and only bruised her chest. How do cats survive falls from such great heights?
The cat's owner Brittney Kirk, a nurse, left the window open a crack on Wednesday morning to give Sugar some air. Sugar got out and either fell or leapt off the ledge and hit a patch of grass and mulch.
An animal rescue service found her and traced her back to Ms Kirk through a microchip embedded in her skin.
"She's a tough little kitty," Ms Kirk told the Boston Globe newspaper.
Cats' remarkable ability to survive falls from great heights is a simple and predictable matter of physics, evolutionary biology, and physiology, veterinarians and biologists say.

The answer

  • Cats have relatively large surface areas in proportion to their weight, so fall at a slower rate over a great height than larger mammals
  • Their bodies have evolved to allow them to survive falls from trees, their natural homes
  • Given the time, they twist to land on their feet
  • Their legs are long, muscular and extend under the body rather than straight down, allowing them to absorb the shock
  • But many cats who fall from heights are nevertheless severely injured and some die
"This recent story isn't much of a surprise," says Jake Socha, a biomechanist at Virginia Tech university.
"We do know that animals exhibit this behaviour, and there have been lots of records of these cats surviving."
With scientists unwilling to toss cats off buildings for experimental observation, science has been unable systematically to study the rate at which they live after crashing to the ground.
In a 1987 study of 132 cats brought to a New York City emergency veterinary clinic after falls from high-rise buildings, 90% of treated cats survived and only 37% needed emergency treatment to keep them alive. One that fell 32 stories onto concrete suffered only a chipped tooth and a collapsed lung and was released after 48 hours.
A cat lying down, from Thinkstock Cats' legs are springy and muscular, letting them absorb the shock of impact
From the moment they're in the air to the instant after they hit the ground, cats' bodies are built to survive high falls, scientists say.
They have a relatively large surface area in proportion to their weight, thus reducing the force at which they hit the pavement.
Cats reach terminal velocity, the speed at which the downward tug of gravity is matched by the upward push of wind resistance, at a slow speed compared to large animals like humans and horses.
For instance, an average-sized cat with its limbs extended achieves a terminal velocity of about 60mph (97km/h), while an average-sized man reaches a terminal velocity of about 120mph (193km/h), according to the 1987 study by veterinarians Wayne Whitney and Cheryl Mehlhaff.

Start Quote

This cat was lucky. But many, if not most, would have severe lung damage, would have a broken leg or two or three or four, maybe have damage to the tail, and maybe more likely than any of that a broken jaw or dental damage”
Steve Dale Cat behaviour specialist
Cats are essentially arboreal animals: when they're not living in homes or in urban alleys, they tend to live in trees.
Sooner or later, they're going to fall, biologists say. Cats, monkeys, reptiles and other creatures will jump for prey and miss, a tree limb will break, or the wind will knock them over, so evolution has rendered them supremely capable of surviving falls.
"Being able to survive falls is a critical thing for animals that live in trees, and cats are one of them," says Dr Socha. "The domestic cat still contains whatever suite of adaptations they have that have enable cats to be good up in trees."
Through natural selection, cats have developed a keen instinct for sensing which way is down, analogous to the mechanism humans use for balance, biologists say.
Then - if given enough time - they are able to twist their bodies like a gymnast, astronaut or skydiver and spin their tails in order to position their feet under their bodies and land on them.

WHO, WHAT, WHY?

Question mark
A part of BBC News Magazine, Who, What, Why? aims to answer questions behind the headlines
"Everything that lives in trees has what we call an aerial righting reflex," says Robert Dudley, a biologist at the animal flight laboratory at the University of California - Berkeley.
Cats can also spread their legs out to create a sort of parachute effect, says Andrew Biewener, a professor of organismal and evolutionary biology at Harvard University, although it is unclear how much this slows the rate of descent.
"They splay out their legs, which is going to expand their surface area of the body, and that increases the drag resistance," he says.
A cat in a tree Comfy? Cats are evolutionarily adapted to live in trees - luxury living with humans is a recent development
When they do land, cats' muscular legs - made for climbing trees - act as shock absorbers.
"Cats have long, compliant legs," says Jim Usherwood of the structure and motion lab at the Royal Veterinary College. "They've got decent muscles. In that they're able to jump quite well, the same muscles divert energy into decelerating rather than breaking bones."
The springy legs increase the distance over which the force of the collision with the ground dissipates, says Dr Biewener.
"The impact forces are much higher in stiff collisions," he says. "If they can increase the collision time over a longer period, that reduces the impact force."
And a cat's legs are angled under the body rather than extended downward, like human or horse legs.
"You're not transmitting the forces really directly," says Dr Socha.
"If the cat were to land with its legs directly under him in a column and hold him stiff, those bones would all break. But they go off to the side and the joints then bend, and you're now taking that energy and putting it into the joints and you're getting less of a force at the bone itself."
However, house cats in urban or suburban areas tend to be overweight and in less than peak physical condition, warns Steve Dale, a cat behaviour consultant who is on the board of the Winn Feline Foundation, which supports cat health research.
That detracts from their ability to right themselves in midair, he says.
"This cat was lucky," he says. "But many, if not most, would have severe lung damage, would have a broken leg or two or three or four, maybe have damage to the tail, and maybe more likely than any of that a broken jaw or dental damage.
"The lessons learned: screens, please, on the windows."
Reporting by Daniel Nasaw in Washington

Obama warns North Korea against missile test launch

US President Barack Obama has warned North Korea that it will "achieve nothing by threats or by provocations".
The warning comes as Pyongyang prepares to launch a long-range missile which it says will put a satellite in orbit.
Mr Obama was speaking after talks in Seoul with South Korean President Lee Myung-bak, ahead of global summit on nuclear security.
The two leaders said North Korea risked further sanctions and isolation if it did not cancel its launch plans.
Mr Obama said Washington and Seoul were "absolutely united" that "bad behaviour" by North Korea would not be rewarded.
"North Korea knows its obligations and it must take irreversible steps to meet those obligations," he said.
The launch will contravene an agreement Pyongyang reached last month which would have seen it receive food aid in exchange for a partial freeze on nuclear activities and an end to ballistics tests.
Mr Lee, who spoke alongside Mr Obama, said their countries had "agreed to respond sternly to any provocations and threats by the North and to continually enhance the firm South Korea-US defence readiness".
But he said the international community stood ready to help North Korea improve the lives of its citizens if it chose a path of peace.
Mr Obama also criticised China, saying its refusal to challenge North Korea on the nuclear issue was not working as a policy.
'Freedom's frontier'
In response to questions from journalists, the two leaders said it was hard to make an assessment of North Korea's new leader, Kim Jong-un, who came to power following the death of his father, Kim Jong-il, in December.
Crowds in Pyongyang, North Korea (25 March 2012) Thousands of people marked the end of official mourning for Kim Jong-il in Pyongyang
Mr Obama said it was "not clear exactly who is calling the shots" in North Korea and what their long-term objectives were, while Mr Lee said the planned rocket launch was a "disappointment".
The BBC's Lucy Williamson in Seoul says there had been hopes that the US aid deal and a new, young leader were indications the crisis could be moving towards resolution, but that with the announcement of the missile test, those hopes have gone.
The launch is scheduled for 12-16 April, to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the birth of the country late Great Leader Kim Il-sung.
South Korean defence officials say the main body of the rocket has now been moved to the launch site in preparation.
Earlier on Sunday, Mr Obama visited some of the US personnel based at the the heavily fortified Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) which separates the two Koreas.
The US has some 28,000 troops stationed in South Korea under a post-Korean War security alliance.
Mr Obama told the soldiers they were defending "freedom's frontier" and thanked them for helping to "create the space and the opportunity for freedom and prosperity".
Mr Lee is hosting more than 50 countries for a two-day summit on nuclear security in Seoul starting on Monday.
The summit's main focus will be preventing criminal or militant groups from acquiring nuclear weapons - North Korea is not officially on the agenda but is expected to feature in talks on the sidelines.
Meanwhile, North Koreans have been marking the end of 100 days of official mourning for Kim Jong-il. Tens of thousands of people gathered in Pyongyang to pay tribute to the leader, who died of a heart attack in December.
Graphic showing North Korea missile ranges
 

Will China's Economy Burst, Japan-Style?

Some nervous observers in China are seeing too many similarities between the current state of the Chinese economy and what happened to Japan in the 1990s. For starters, the super-rich are cranking up real estate values, and the middle class is paying the price.
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China's future could go in two directions (WSTAY.com) China's future could go in two directions (WSTAY.com)


By Wang Guopei
经济观察报E.O/Worldcrunch

BEIJING - Will China become the next Japan? Will its economic bubble burst? Should the Chinese brace themselves for deep deflation and economic stagnation? These questions have begun to swirl ever since stock prices and real estate values started to soar.

Even though the Chinese stock market did crash some years ago and hasn’t fully recovered since, housing prices have continued to rise, making for some striking similarities between China now and Japan before the appearance of the its own asset price bubble.

After the 1985 signing of the “Plaza Accord” to depreciate the dollar, the Japanese yen began to rapidly rise in value. By the early 1990s, Japan’s stock and property markets had gone into a major slump. This is the period that is generally called Japan’s bubble economy.

Xu Xiaonian, a well-known Chinese economist, has laid out the scenario that worries many: when China has replaced Japan as the world’s second-biggest economy; and when China’s bank loans to GDP ratio has overtaken Japan at its bubble peak; and when the Japanese tourists waving little flags in Paris and London are replaced by the Chinese who take off their shoes to air their feet; and when the Chinese have outshone the Japanese as buyers of art and luxury goods...all I pray is that China won’t ever become another Japan.

What should be pointed out are the other similarities under the surface of the two economies: both countries have very strong exports to the United States and both enjoy a huge trade surplus; both currencies face pressure to appreciate with respect to the dollar; and both countries have huge foreign reserves. Domestically, both governments have carried out large-scale stimulus plans and have set in place looser financial and monetary policies. This has resulted in skyrocketing land and housing prices as well as investment speculation.

In order to study more rationally the probability of China’s economy bursting, I sought the advice of many Japanese economists, including Heizo Takenaka, Japan’s former Minister of Economy and Finance, as well as Yukio Noguchi, the specialist on Japan’s bubble economy. Just as there are various reasons given for the cause of the bubble, these economists offer a range of opinions as to whether or not China will follow in the footsteps of Japan.

After speaking to the Japanese experts, I concluded the following: China’s probability of becoming a bubble economy mainly depends on two factors - urbanization and the gap between the rich and poor.

China’s economic bubble issue is a real estate issue and the bubble exists mainly in the real estate market. China’s real estate prices are unreasonably high, simply because there’s more demand than supply. The open question then is whether there is too much demand or too little supply?

In China, land supply is largely monopolized by the government, so many people attribute the shortage of land supply to the government. But even more people tend to think that the problem lies on the demand side.

A false prosperity

This is due to people’s expectations of continuously increasing urbanization and rising property prices. Certain Chinese people invest large portions of their assets in real estate. Among them, the main purchasing power comes from a small group of people who own most of the wealth in Chinese society.

This minority represents the party of demand. Housing prices are determined by the level of their wealth. Real estate has become, alas, a real luxury.

Meanwhile, another population, the middle class who are neither rich nor poor, is sucked into the game as “house slaves” because of their strong desire to live in a house of their own. Left behind are the poor who can only signal their discontent. This is the basic structure of demand caused by the seriously uneven distribution of wealth.

Thus appears a false prosperity: strong demand for real estate in a market created by the rich. They speculate on the basis that a rising number of people who already live in the city will want to own their own house, and push up demand even more.

Although the logic is correct, it is difficult to quantify demand accurately. Unfortunately, under the permanent pressure of such simple logic, the rich are bound to get sucked into a market frenzy. They will finally end up in a speculative game, without having time to consider whether or not there will really be so many buyers for the houses they have invested in. Imagine a giant version of what has happened over the past few years in Spain.

In the just-finished National People’s Congress, Wen Jiabao, the Chinese premier, announced the government’s determination to regulate housing prices so as to cool the overheating market.

At the same time, the income of the slightly richer middle-class is not likely to rise enough in the short term to be able to afford the current housing prices.

It’s certain that, after a period of stalemate, rich investors will have to lower their prices to make a sale, no matter how reluctantly.

Does this mean China is bound to burst in a bubble? It depends on how far and fast housing prices slide -- and how much it costs the banks.    

Read the original article in Chinese

Photo - WSTAY.com
All rights reserved ©Worldcrunch - in partnership with eeo.com.cn

Why A Handsome Man In China Is So Hard To Find

Essay: There are cultural explanations for why that man next to you on the Shanghai subway has his finger in his ear, or his shirt sticking out. Some, however, are ready for grooming and good looks to become as important for Chinese men as a good job and a fat paycheck.
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Letting yourself go in Beijing (Jonathan Kos-Read) Letting yourself go in Beijing (Jonathan Kos-Read)


By Gan Tien
经济观察报E.O/Worldcrunch

BEIJING - Recently in London somebody had the great idea of putting out a call for people to take mobile-phone photos of handsome men on the city’s Underground and then post the pictures on the Internet for everyone to enjoy.

Within just a few days, tens of thousands of pictures were up on display: a debonair older man reading a novel, a dreamy-looking guy with his eyes closed leaning against the door, a young Apollo playing video games, a short-haired bloke with well-formed muscles. In brief, it looks as if London is a paradise full of only the most handsome chaps.

The concept was soon picked up by Douban.com, the Chinese social networking website. Yes, that’s right, someone thought it wise to put out a similar online “Call for handsome Chinese guys on the Underground.” Let’s just say that photographs most certainly did not come streaming in.

However, a most passionate response was elicited by a very different subsequent appeal to the plugged-in masses: Please send in photos of “the most horrid men on China’s subways.” Soon there was a digital display of wonders: a man picking his nose, another digging out his earwax, yet another man spraying saliva while talking loudly on his cell phone, and one particularly relaxed fellow putting his belt on in public. One wonders about the pictures that were not taken.

What’s wrong with the world!? Have the cute guys all really gone to London, leaving the unsightly ones behind in Beijing?

British class

I must admit that it’s probably true that handsome men concentrate in London. Once when I was crossing a street there, a tall blond lad ran past me. He was wearing an Oxford shirt and a pair of tight-fitting blue pants. His tie flew in the air while he ran. His brown postman-style messenger bag hung diagonally over his shoulder.

And when I boarded the train, I saw another guy leaning next to the automatic door with clean and neat short hair. He was wearing a windbreaker and a brown check scarf, simple and elegant.

Back in a Beijing station, a man in front of me was talking to his girlfriend. When he turned around, I saw a whole layer of dandruff on his jacket. Next to him, a portly man grumbled “He – Pei!” and spat a clot of phlegm under the seat.

Now I do believe that some British men have dandruff and also have to spit sometimes. I also believe that Chinese men can look smart in an Oxford shirt, a pair of nicely cut pants and a trench coat. The question is “Why don’t we see them?”  

Now, “properly dressed” and “smartly dressed” are two different notions. If many men in London look smart, most Chinese men don’t even qualify as “properly dressed.” Personal upbringing and cultivation are the fundamental reasons. But having a single value system in Chinese society probably also explains why.

Boys next door

In every Chinese boy’s youth, there's always a “rival” – the boy next door. This other people’s son was always at the top of the class and artistically gifted. When he grows up, he is bound to make big money, have a wonderful wife and raise a genius son just like he him…

On the other hand, tall good-looking, nicely-mannered and physically endowed boys are often used as a negative example. If you look up to him and care about your looks, you’ll never make it to the university…!

In short, we are brought up to think that professional success is the unique value. A stylish image, appropriate manners, and smart appearance are never real concerns.

Wang Fong, the editor-in-chief of China’s GQ magazine, says: “Chinese men care very much about their career and family, while they have difficulty in accepting the idea that somehow men also have to dress up.”

A survey conducted before the launching of L’Officiel Hommes, a new Chinese men’s magazine, revealed that for most Chinese men, fortune and social status are the sole priorities. As for their build and looks, who cares!

Queer eyes for straight guys

Although the female fashion and beauty industries are both booming in China, they have a relatively short history in China – and men’s fashion, even shorter.

Only now are male fashion magazines getting their Chinese editions -- beyond GQ there’s also Esquire and Men’s Health – and it may begin to have an effect on men’s appearance and grooming. Still, it’s undeniable that most of these magazines’ readers are either those rare few who are stylish anyway, or those who are gay --though these magazines will deny it.

There is hope. The American TV show “Queer Eye for the Straight Guy” is now broadcast in China, and is slowly climbing in the ratings. In each episode, five tasteful gays come to the rescue of a hopeless straight male.

Guan Zhong, an ancient Han sage, said “Only in a wealthy society are there people of good manners.” But I don’t feel like waiting any longer. I wish there were a local version of that American reality show. I’d like to see how those picky gay friends handle those guys picking their noses on the subway.

Read the original article in Chinesea

8-Bit Don Draper: Mad Men, the Interactive Game

If you’ve already pored over the pre-season interviews, marveled at the retro fashions and doodled on a minimalist “falling Don” subway poster or two, then it’s time to click on Mad Men: The Game. It’s worth it.
Created by the Fine Brothers (who gave the same nostalgic treatment to Saved by the Bell), think of it as a Game Boy-era diversion for the AMC set. Beginning with a frame-by-frame conversion of the title sequence into a pixelated video game cut scene, the game finds Don Draper in his corner office doing what he does in every episode of the show: drinking scotch and pondering life’s unanswerable questions.
From there, it morphs into “Choose Your Own Adventure” mode, but instead of turning pages you’re hopping to new YouTube clips in Peggy, Pete, and Betty-themed storylines. And, finally, you’re in control of Don and his dubious decision-making capabilities.
So, do you give in to Pete Campbell’s demands after he blackmails you by revealing he knows you’re really Dick Whitman? Do you promote Peggy after she saves an account with a sharp idea, or steal the credit? And do you take off your shoes outside of Bert Cooper’s fastidiously designed office, or just barge in? These are important questions.
And, depending on how it shakes out, Don will wind up with a nice confidence-boost for the day, finding inner peace, dying a grisly death or, uh, inadvertently causing World War III. Yes, it’s been too long since an actual episode of Mad Men arrived.

Say Hello to an Extraterrestrial Ocean — and Maybe Extraterrestrial Life

It's hard enough for kids to remember all the known oceans and seas — Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Norwegian, Barents — and now they can add one more to the list: the Enceladan Ocean. The name is lovely, and the place is nifty, but there's not much chance of visiting it soon. It's located on Enceladus, one of Saturn's 66 known moons. While Enceladus has been familiar to us since it was first spotted in 1789, the discovery of its ocean, courtesy of the venerable Cassini spacecraft, is a whole new and possibly game-changing thing.
(MORE: Secrets of the Rings)
Enceladus has always been thought of as one of the more remarkable members of Saturn's marble bag of satellites. For one thing, it's dazzlingly bright. The percentage of sunlight that a body in the solar system reflects back is known as its albedo, and it's determined mostly by the color of the body's ground cover. For all the silvery brilliance of a full moon on a cloudless night, the albedo of our own drab satellite is a muddy 12%, owing mostly to the gray dust that covers it. The albedo of Enceladus, on the other hand, approaches a mirror-like 100%.
Such a high percentage likely means the surface is covered with ice crystals — and, what's more, that those crystals get regularly replenished. Consider how grubby and gray a fresh snowfall becomes after just a couple of days of splashing road slush and tromping people. Now imagine how a moon would look after a few billion years of cosmic bombardment by incoming meteors.
When the Voyager probes barnstormed Enceladus in 1982, they found that the moon is indeed covered in ice and being constantly repaved. Vast valleys and basins were filled with fresh, white cosmic snow. Craters were cut clean in half, with one side remaining visible and the other covered over. Most remarkably, Enceladus orbits within Saturn's E ring — the widest of the planet's bands — and just behind the moon is a visible bulge in the ring, the result of the sparkly exhaust from ice volcanoes that trails Enceladus like smoke from a steamship. It's that cryovolcanism that's responsible for the regular repaving.
(PHOTOS: Mission to Saturn: Beauty from the Final Frontier)
In 2008, Cassini confirmed that the cryovolcanic exhaust is ordinary water, filled with carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, potassium salts and other organic materials. Tidal pumping — or gravitational squeezing — by Saturn and the nearby sister moons Tethys and Dione keeps the interior of Enceladus warm, its water deposits liquid and the volcanoes erupting. The big question was always, How much water is there? A lake? A sea? A globe-girdling ocean? The more there is and the more it churns and circulates, the likelier it is that it could cook up some life.
The answer to that question finally came this week, thanks to Cassini images of stress cracks known as tiger stripes in the ice on the Enceladan surface. Cassini scientists were particularly interested in a pair of tiger stripes in the moon's warmer polar regions, since they are very deep and comparatively wide and seem to change over time.
The new images revealed that the cracks indeed widen and narrow and do so more than was once thought. The two sides of the cracks also move laterally relative to each other, the same way the two banks of the San Andreas Fault can slide forward and back and in opposite directions. And the greatest shifting, as expected, occurs after Enceladus makes its closest approach to Saturn.
(MORE: After 34 Years in Space, the Voyager Spacecraft Fly On — and On and On)
"This new work gives scientists insight into the mechanics of these picturesque jets," says Terry Hurford, a Cassini associate at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. "[It] shows that Saturn really stresses Enceladus."
The fact that Enceladus becomes as dramatically distorted as it does is a powerful indicator of just how much water it contains. A watery world, after all, is a flexible world, and for Enceladus to be so elastic, it must contain a very large local ocean or perhaps even a globe-girdling one. Portions of that ocean may be not just bathwater warm but outright hot.
Enceladus is not the only moon in the solar system that is home to such a feature. Jupiter's Europa is even more certain to contain a global ocean of its own. On both worlds, organics plus water plus warmth plus time could be more than enough to get biology going.
"Cassini's seven-plus years ... have shown us how beautifully dynamic and unexpected the Saturn system is," says project scientist Linda Spilker at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The idea that that system might also be a living one has just become a little more plausible.

Royal Wedding Crasher: Queen Elizabeth Drops in on Commoners’ Ceremony

John and Frances Canning were hoping for a low-key wedding at Manchester Town Hall. But all hopes were tossed aside when Queen Elizabeth showed up to fête the newlyweds.
During an official tour of Manchester on Friday to celebrate her Diamond Jubilee — sixty years as Britain’s monarch — Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip were attending a luncheon at the Manchester Town Hall. In an adjacent room, the Cannings were standing in front of a minister, exchanging vows. Minutes after the two were pronounced husband and wife, they received a uniquely royal blessing when the Queen and the Prince entered the room.
Bride Frances was hardly upset to be removed from the center of her guests’ attention. “The Queen spoke to us by our first names. She said I looked lovely and she wanted to wish us all the best for the future,” she told The Sun. The Cannings and their 40 guests were able to share in wedded bliss with the British monarch and a number of royal dignitaries.
While they were stunned to see the royals crash their wedding, it was hardly an event of chance. John Canning was aware of the Queen’s imminent visit upon booking their nuptial ceremony, and he capitalized on the shared venue space by writing a “lighthearted letter” to Buckingham Palace to invite her along, according to the Manchester Evening News. They received a polite reply declining the invitation, so it came as a shock to the Cannings when a rose-clad Queen appeared at their ceremony. A royal source told The Sun, “The Queen didn’t want to spoil their day, but did ask if she could meet the bride and groom.” Spoil away, Your Majesty.
The Queen and Prince Philip even stuck around to take a number of photographs with the couple. You can bet those photos will be the cover of their wedding album.

Thứ Năm, 22 tháng 3, 2012

The man who helped 'simplify' Chines

Students struggling to learn Chinese might not know it, but their task has been made easier because of the work of one man.
Zhou Youguang helped invent Pinyin, a writing system that turns Chinese characters into words using letters from the Roman alphabet.
This makes it easier to learn how to pronounce Chinese words, and is credited with helping raise literacy rates in China.
Despite his achievements, Mr Zhou remains largely unknown in his home country.
Perhaps that is because the 106-year-old is a defiant character, refusing to take much credit for his work or pander to the Chinese Communist Party.
He is critical of the party that governs China - and old enough not to care who is listening to what he has to say.
"What are they going to do, come and take me away?" he said in an interview with the BBC in his sparsely furnished Beijing home.
Positive outlook
Mr Zhou's life has coincided with most of the momentous events of China's recent history, as it has moved from imperial dynasty to peoples' republic to capitalist powerhouse.
He was born in 1906 into a wealthy family that managed to lose its money three times: first in the Qing dynasty, then during World War II and finally during the Cultural Revolution, a political campaign launched by Mao Zedong.
Nevertheless, he managed to get a good education, studying economics at St John's University, one of the best educational institutions in Shanghai in the 1920s when he was there.
Several years of his early life were spent working in the US for a Chinese bank. "It was at No 1 Wall Street - the centre of imperialism," he said, laughing.

Start Quote

China will have to release itself from communism - the future will be dark if it doesn't”
Zhou Youguang Linguist
Mr Zhou laughs a lot, a result of an optimistic outlook. "There are good aspects to even bad things," he said.
That does not mean everything in the centenarian's life has gone his way.
His daughter died of appendicitis just before her sixth birthday and, like many intellectuals, he was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution.
A common form of punishment at the time - in the late 1960s - was to send educated city professionals to the countryside to "learn from the masses".
Mr Zhou spent several years working in the fields of Ningxia, a poor region in western China.
"It was a waste of time and stopped me doing other things," he said, unable to stop himself laughing again.
Mr Zhou in his younger days Mr Zhou. seen here in 1948, met China's last emperor at a government-run canteen in Beijing
Despite hardships, Mr Zhou did have one enormous stroke of luck.
When the Communist Party took over in China in 1949, he was in the US. He decided to return, along with many others, to build a new country.
He initially become an economics professor at Shanghai's Fudan University, but in 1955 was invited to join a committee in Beijing looking at simplifying the Chinese language.
At first he resisted, saying he had no professional experience in this field. He was finally persuaded to join the project by a friend.
It was a decision that probably saved his life.
A few years later, Chairman Mao launched one of his first purges, and many of those caught in the mayhem were those who had gone back to China from abroad.
"All university professors who'd returned from the US were labelled 'Rightists'. Many committed suicide, including some good friends. I luckily missed it," he said.
It was one of the few moments that Mr Zhou did not laugh.
Dark future?
The work he did on the committee not only saved him, it allowed him to make a major contribution to the Chinese language.
When he started work on developing Pinyin, 85% of Chinese people could not read or write. Now, that is just a few percent.
There had been previous attempts to Romanise Chinese characters, but the system developed by Mr Zhou and his colleagues is the one that most people now use, and is recognised internationally.
"We spent three years developing pinyin. People made fun of us, joking that it had taken us a long time to deal with just 26 letters," he said.
Having lived so long and done such high-profile work, the linguist has met more than his fair share of historical characters.
One of his favourite stories is about Puyi, China's last emperor, who became an ordinary citizen under Chairman Mao.
Mr Zhou once belonged to a Chinese body that advises the government, work that allowed him to dine at the organisation's canteen in Beijing.
During one of the country's periodic food shortages, he ate there daily, taking his wife along too. This meant more food at home for Mr Zhou's relatives.
"Everyday when I went to eat, there was an old man sitting next to me. He was also there with his wife," he said.
"It was Puyi - the last emperor. Imagine, even the emperor had to eat there because he didn't have enough food."
Mr Zhou's age has also given him a long view of history. He believes the Chinese Communist Party will not always rule the country.
"China will have to release itself from communism. The future will be dark if it doesn't," said Mr Zhou, who retired at 85, but is still writing books.
It is a damning comment from a man who came back to China because he believed the Communist Party when its leaders said they were democratic.
Does he ever regret that decision?
"We believed Mao's words. We didn't know that when he got into power he would become the worst kind of dictator," said Mr Zhou.
"But I don't regret coming back - there's no point," he added, laughing again.

Thứ Ba, 20 tháng 3, 2012

How High Will Global Oil Prices Rise?

If you’re watching global oil markets and getting a sickening feeling in your stomach, you’re in good company. Oil prices have spiked precipitously in recent weeks, with the U.S. benchmark price at over $107 and Brent rising to $125. Those increases are already being felt at the pump. Gas prices in the U.S. are creeping towards a wallet-busting $4 a gallon. How much higher will oil prices go?
It is a critical question. Just like in 2011, when hopes of an economic rebound were squelched, in part, by rising energy costs, high oil prices could again dampen a global economy that looks more promising but is still struggling to climb out of the Great Recession. With consumers paying more to drive to work each morning, they have less money left over to buy TV sets or take vacations, curtailing global consumer spending and dragging down growth. Goldman Sachs figures that a persistent 10% increase in oil prices shaves two-tenths of a percentage point off growth over one year. The European Central Bank a few days ago lowered its growth forecast for the euro zone, to a possible small contraction in 2012, and at the same time hiked its expectations for inflation, due in part to rising oil prices. Even robust emerging markets would feel the pinch. By adding to inflationary pressures, policymakers could be forced to hike interest rates and reduce growth rates. Here’s what HSBC economist Frederic Neumann said on the impact of lofty oil prices on Asia in a recent report:
Oil drifting higher poses two seemingly contradictory challenges for Asia. First, it may knock down export growth to Western markets, which are far more sensitive, at least in the current environment, to swings in the price of crude. Second, it will – not now, but ultimately – push up Asian inflation. This isn’t simply because of energy costs. The problem is much broader: across the region, food prices tend to rise with a lag in response to oil. And food matters hugely for regional inflation. We need crude to come down.
But will oil markets cooperate? Well, that depends on two key questions.
First, will we see a sharp disruption in oil supplies? Part of the spike in crude prices has been a reaction to growing tensions between the West and Iran, and the possibility that the conflict might escalate and cause a sudden curtailment of supply. Iran is one of the world’s major oil exporters, and if its crude suddenly stopped flowing, we could see a very destabilizing surge in global prices. Research firm Capital Economics  figures that in the event of an all-out war that closes the Strait of Hormuz, through which 35% of the world’s seaborne oil is shipped, crude prices could double. Merely jitters about a supply disruption, Capital estimates, are probably responsible for about $10 of the recent increase in Brent prices.
Commodities analyst extraordinaire Soozhana Choi at Deutsche Bank offers an even more alarming view of the supply situation. She says that Iran is only one of a myriad of potential geopolitical threats to supply, from Libya to South Sudan, that will keep oil markets nervous, and potentially, prices high. A combination of events could add up to a big problem because, Choi says, OPEC (read: Saudi Arabia) might not be able to boost production enough to cover losses elsewhere. Here’s Choi, from a February report:
The world faces oil supply risks from a multitude of sources, not only in the Middle East but also in Africa. In our view, not since the late 1970s/early 1980s has there been such a serious threat to oil supply…OPEC spare capacity is sufficient to offset the loss of Iranian exports or a combination of smaller losses but not the totality of the potential disruptions, though we acknowledge that this is a low probability.
Choi studied historical examples of how supply disruptions impacted crude prices and came up with a rough peak of Brent at $150 a barrel.
The second big question facing oil markets is: What will happen to the global economic recovery? Part of the recent price increase has been caused by optimism over a stronger world economy, especially an encouraging rebound in the U.S. Faster growth means bigger demand for oil, which means higher prices. If you believe in the strength of the global recovery, then you should be ready for oil prices to remain elevated. Here’s more from HSBC’s Neumann:
The cost of oil keeps drifting higher. It’s easy to blame Iran. But more may be going on here:…Asian demand appears to be coming back, and the region is now the biggest consumer of crude. Global car sales are currently running at a record level, largely thanks to Asian drivers. Also, with Japan having shut off all but two of its 54 nuclear power plants, which in normal times provide some 30% of electricity, the country is importing coal, gas, and oil galore…The crude rally may have legs.
However, the global recovery is anything but secure. The euro zone debt crisis, despite a recent improvement of sentiment, is far from over, while growth in major emerging markets like China and India has been slowing. So there are enough threats to global growth to make some oil watchers believe demand pressures could ease. So what we see coming for oil prices depends on how we add up all of these very uncertain factors. Do you believe in high global growth and shocks to supply? Or a continued anemic global recovery and no serious supply shocks?
The folks at Capital Economics are taking the latter view:
Oil prices are likely to fall as fears over Iran ease and the economic recovery disappoints…Prices could quickly drop by up to $10 if Iran gives some ground on its nuclear programme and tensions ease…The recovery is still fragile and from a low base. The US appears on a sounder footing than in 2011, but China’s economy is slowing, and the worst of the crisis in the euro-zone may still lie ahead. We therefore continue to expect oil prices to fall back…Prices (for Brent) should still end the year below $100.
Even the more nervous Soozhana Choi believes that, barring another shock to supply, prices may not rise much further, as she told me in an email:
We are bullish on oil prices as a consequence of ongoing supply disruptions, expectations that normalization of output from affected regions will be slow and concerns about OPEC/Saudi spare capacity constraints. That said, I think we’re already seeing some level of demand rationing in response to higher prices so we’ll have to see a material supply-side catalyst to get prices much higher, i.e. another disruption in supply in the Middle East/Africa or marked escalation of tensions with Iran.
So, for now we may not see oil prices spike that much more. How does that impact prices at the pump? Despite the political rhetoric in the U.S., higher crude prices are not the only cause of higher gasoline prices. The heart of the problem is dwindling U.S. refining capacity. Here’s how Choi puts it in a recent report:
Gasoline prices have been the focal point of worry amongst US policy makers as prices at the pump near USD4/gal level. While the gain in crude prices carries much of the blame for such high retail prices, what’s added to the fundamentally bullish US gasoline story has been the closure of US refinery capacity. We show that since 2009, 1.3 mln bbl/day of refinery capacity in the US has and will be permanently shuttered, of which nearly 90% is located in the East Coast. This means the mothballing of half of US East Coast/PADD I refinery capacity this year alone, which increases the region’s gasoline deficit and its dependence on imported gasoline supply, either from surplus regions in the US…or foreign sources. Gasoline futures have rallied more than 20% since the start of this year, while crude oil futures (referencing Brent)…rallied by 15%.
That’s bad news for the U.S. consumer, and the U.S. economy. And the global economy.

Who Should Be the Next President of the World Bank?

Everyone is focused on the U.S. presidential elections this year, but there’s another presidential race that’s heating up – the race to be president of the World Bank. It’s a process that’s just as political, but much less transparent, since the choice ultimately rests with the White House, which tends to pick an American with clout, regardless of whether he (they’ve all been male) is the best person for the job.
It’s an interesting time for the Bank, because in the post-financial crisis world, it’s suffering from a bit of mission drift. It doesn’t really have enough money to be a major player in lending, and the emerging nations that it has typically worked with (Turkey, China, and the like) are now high growth agenda setters with their own ideas about how to run the global economy, rather than beleaguered third world countries looking for a helping hand and a Western seal of approval.
At the same time, development is a huge issue – inequality is growing everywhere, environmental sustainability is becoming more pressing, and the poorest of the poor still have inadequate access to everything from credit to clean water. All this is right in the sweet spot of the Bank, which means that the next president has a high-profile opportunity  – either to lead on the key economic issues of the day or to fail spectacularly and finish off the reputation of the institution, which has for years been under attack for offering up Anglo-American advice on economic reform that its funders may or may not be taking themselves. For more on this, read former World Bank chief economist Joe Stiglitz’s seminal book, “Globalization and Its Discontents.”
So, who’s up for the challenge (or, the booby prize)? Hillary Clinton’s name has been bandied about, but she’s made it clear she’s not interested. Indra Nooyi, the head of PepsiCo, has also been talked about, but it’s hard to see why she’d leave a $15 million a year job for a $750,000 one. Development economist and Africa expert Jeffrey Sachs is making an aggressive push on his own behalf, winning support from nations like Kenya, Malaysia and Namibia. But he may have a hard time convincing other major developing nations like China, where his advocacy of “shock therapy” economic liberalization in many emerging markets in the 1990s isn’t popular.
Indeed, the names being tossed around in Beijing include Nigerian finance minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, former UN under-secretary for economic and social affairs Jose Antonio Ocampo, and South African politician Trevor Manuel. The Chinese would also undoubtedly support Stiglitz himself, who is treated like a rock star there for his support of country particular reform, rather than a one-size fits all approach.
But World Bankers themselves (at least the ones this reporter has spoken with) are putting their bets on either Susan Rice, a diplomat and US Ambassador to the U.N., or economist and former U.S. Treasury secretary Larry Summers, who was actually chief economist of the World Bank from 1991 to 1993. Summers is most likely, though his reputation in developing nations is uneven to put it gently, and he’s lost some intellectual clout post-financial crisis, thanks to his role as the intellectual mastermind of much of the economic deregulation that helped precipitate the financial crisis.
Summers is a bright guy, no doubt. But if he gets the job (and my bet is that he will) it will be interesting to see how his infamous lack of emotional intelligence and team-building ability plays in an institution with a bureaucracy as entrenched as the World Bank. As one former high-level insider puts it, “[The Bank] doesn’t like arrogant people coming in from the outside to tell them what to do.  Going around the bureaucracy by appointing your own people is also difficult so you need to be diplomatic. For these reasons, the job has to go to someone who can really get along with people.” Maybe Summers can get his former boss, Bill Clinton, to give him some lessons on that front.

Why Bilinguals Are Smarter

SPEAKING two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.
This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and intellectual development.
They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.
Bilinguals, for instance, seem to be more adept than monolinguals at solving certain kinds of mental puzzles. In a 2004 study by the psychologists Ellen Bialystok and Michelle Martin-Rhee, bilingual and monolingual preschoolers were asked to sort blue circles and red squares presented on a computer screen into two digital bins — one marked with a blue square and the other marked with a red circle.
In the first task, the children had to sort the shapes by color, placing blue circles in the bin marked with the blue square and red squares in the bin marked with the red circle. Both groups did this with comparable ease. Next, the children were asked to sort by shape, which was more challenging because it required placing the images in a bin marked with a conflicting color. The bilinguals were quicker at performing this task.
The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function — a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind — like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.
Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.
The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often — you may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of Pompeu Fabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.
The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life).
In a 2009 study led by Agnes Kovacs of the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, 7-month-old babies exposed to two languages from birth were compared with peers raised with one language. In an initial set of trials, the infants were presented with an audio cue and then shown a puppet on one side of a screen. Both infant groups learned to look at that side of the screen in anticipation of the puppet. But in a later set of trials, when the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen, the babies exposed to a bilingual environment quickly learned to switch their anticipatory gaze in the new direction while the other babies did not.
Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years. In a recent study of 44 elderly Spanish-English bilinguals, scientists led by the neuropsychologist Tamar Gollan of the University of California, San Diego, found that individuals with a higher degree of bilingualism — measured through a comparative evaluation of proficiency in each language — were more resistant than others to the onset of dementia and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: the higher the degree of bilingualism, the later the age of onset.
Nobody ever doubted the power of language. But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep imprint?
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee is a staff writer at Science.
This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:
Correction: March 20, 2012
An earlier version of this article misspelled the name of a university in Spain. It is Pompeu Fabra, not Pompea Fabra.