French police are linking the shootings of four people at a Jewish school in Toulouse to the killings of three soldiers of North African descent in two separate incidents last week.
The same gun and the same stolen scooter were used in all three attacks, sources close to the investigation say.
A teacher and three children were shot dead at the Ozar Hatorah school, and a teenage boy was seriously injured.
One of the biggest manhunts in France in recent times is now under way.
Investigations are pursuing two principal lines of inquiry: an Islamist motive or the far right.
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It is now established beyond doubt that the three incidents in Toulouse and Montauban were the work of the same man. He used the same gun, rode the same 500cc Yamaha scooter, and acted with the same cold-blooded brutality.
But why the widely differing choice of targets: soldiers and Jewish children? One theory is that the man is a deranged far-rightwinger. It is noted that the three dead soldiers were of North African origin, and a fourth who was injured is from the French Caribbean.
The killer has a clear affinity with guns. Could he be a neo-Nazi type - maybe an ex-soldier or a member of the criminal underworld - with a hatred of all minorities, Jews and Muslims?
Some have gone further - indirectly pointing the finger at President Sarkozy for recently raising sensitive issues such as halal and kosher meat in the run-up to the presidential election. This tactic, they say, gives credibility to the far-right and 'delegitimises' the Muslim and Jewish communities.
The problem with this theory is that it is not yet established that the killer deliberately targeted Muslim soldiers.
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But why the widely differing choice of targets: soldiers and Jewish children? One theory is that the man is a deranged far-rightwinger. It is noted that the three dead soldiers were of North African origin, and a fourth who was injured is from the French Caribbean.
The killer has a clear affinity with guns. Could he be a neo-Nazi type - maybe an ex-soldier or a member of the criminal underworld - with a hatred of all minorities, Jews and Muslims?
Some have gone further - indirectly pointing the finger at President Sarkozy for recently raising sensitive issues such as halal and kosher meat in the run-up to the presidential election. This tactic, they say, gives credibility to the far-right and 'delegitimises' the Muslim and Jewish communities.
The problem with this theory is that it is not yet established that the killer deliberately targeted Muslim soldiers.
President Nicolas Sarkozy, who flew to Toulouse in the wake of the attack, described it as a "national tragedy". He said a single person had carried out all three attacks and that an "anti-Semitic motive" seemed obvious.
Guards are to be posted outside all faith-based schools, as well as all Jewish and Muslim religious buildings, he said.
Mr Sarkozy has also placed south-west France on the highest level of terrorism alert.
All schools in France will observe a minute's silence on Tuesday morning at 11:00 (10:00 GMT).
The latest shootings took place as parents were taking their children to the school on Monday morning.
Witnesses said the gunman pulled up on a scooter and began shooting at an area which serves as the drop-off point for the school's nursery- and primary-age children.
"This man alighted from his moped and, as he was outside the school, he shot at everybody who was near him, children or adults. Children were chased right into the school," local prosecutor Michel Valet told journalists.
The scooter - a black Yamaha - was stolen in Toulouse on 6 March, five days before the first shooting. Its number plate was picked up by closed-circuit TV cameras at the school, police sources said.
The dead were Jonathan Sandler, a 30-year-old rabbi and teacher of religion originally from Jerusalem, and his two sons, aged three and six.
The fourth person killed was a seven-year-old girl, Myriam Monsonego, daughter of the head teacher. She died in her father's arms.
Mourners in Toulouse gathered at the school for an overnight vigil, while in Paris, thousands marched through the streets to show their sympathy for the victims. There was also a remembrance service at the Nazareth synagogue in the French capital.
Jonathan Sandler was shot dead along with his two sons All the dead were dual French-Israeli nationals and will be buried in Israel, the Israeli Foreign Ministry said.
A 17-year-old boy was seriously hurt. The head of Toulouse's Jewish community told the AFP news agency the boy had undergone several operations but he was likely to recover.
Initially, the killer used a 9mm gun, but when it jammed, he switched to a .45 calibre weapon.
Police say the .45 was the same gun used to kill three soldiers in two separate shootings in Toulouse and the nearby city of Montauban last week. All three were of North African or Caribbean origin.
A paratrooper out of uniform was shot dead in a residential area of Toulouse just over a week ago, while two soldiers were killed and a third wounded as they used a cash machine in the town of Montauban, some 29 miles (46km) away, on Thursday.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called it a "a loathsome murder of Jews, which included small children" and said an anti-Semitic motive could not be ruled out.
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Attacks in south-west France
- 11 March: Off-duty airborne sergeant shot dead in Toulouse while waiting to see man about selling his motorbike
- 15 March: Two paratroopers shot dead and a third seriously injured while waiting at a cash machine in Montauban
- 19 March: Three children and a teacher shot dead, and a youth injured, at a Jewish school in Toulouse
All the candidates in the French presidential election have suspended campaigning. Mr Sarkozy said his campaign would remain suspended until Wednesday at the earliest, when he is due to attend the soldiers' funerals.
As well as Mr Sarkozy, opposition Socialist candidate Francois Hollande visited Toulouse to offer his condolences. Far-right candidate Marine Le Pen called on the authorities to do everything to prevent another such attack.
In the UK, Foreign Secretary William Hague condemned the attack. "This act of calculated cruelty will unite all decent people in revulsion and condemnation," he said.
The BBC's Hugh Schofield, in Paris, says not since the 1970s and early 80s have there been lethal attacks like this in France on Jewish targets. And even then, children were never the primary victims, he says.
Six people were killed and 22 injured in an attack in 1982 on a Jewish restaurant in Paris. France has the largest Jewish community in western Europe, numbering some 500,000.
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